不同氮源对黑松幼苗根-土界面无机磷形态转化及有效性的影响

用根垫-冰冻切片法研究不同氮源对石灰性潮土中黑松幼苗根-土界面无机磷形态转化及有效性的影响。结果表明:铵态氮(NH4+-N)处理后幼苗根-土界面pH值较对照处理明显降低,而硝态氮(NO3--N)处理后幼苗根-土界面pH值较对照处理升高,不同氮源引起的幼苗根-土界面pH值变动的幅度取决于氮源的质量分数。铵态氮处理明显降低了幼苗根-土界面Ca2-P,Fe-P和Al-P质量分数,100,200和400mg·kg-1的铵态氮处理后,距根表0～1mm处Ca2-P较土体亏缺率分别为37.1%,45.9%和57.7%,Fe-P较土体亏缺率分别为23.4%,29.1%和38.2%,Al-P较土体亏缺率分别为25.1%,28.0%和33.2%;硝态氮处理增加了幼苗根-土界面Ca2-P,Fe-P和Al-P质量分数,但不显著。铵态氮与硝态氮处理后幼苗根-土界面Ca8-P的亏缺程度较对照分别加大或降低,但不明显。铵态氮与硝态氮处理后幼苗根-土界面Ca10-P和O-P质量分数较对照处理变化很小。铵态氮引起的黑松幼苗根-土界面pH值的降低,促进了幼苗根-土界面处无机磷的形态转化,提高了根-土界面无机磷的生物有效性,显著增加了根系对磷的吸收。     

青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面剪切特性

[目的]分析不同因素对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响,为深入探讨青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木根系固土护坡机制提供理论依据。[方法]以区内优势灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)为研究对象,通过根—土界面直剪试验,分析根径级别为2.20±1.00～32.00±1.80 mm以及土体含水量、干密度和含盐量分别为6.00%～22.00%,1.20～1.60 g/cm³,0.59%～2.50%的条件下,各因素对柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响规律。[结果]在其他影响因素恒定的情况下,根径对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度无显著影响(p>0.05)。随着土体含水量由6.00%增大到22.00%,根—土界面黏聚力呈先增大后减小的趋势,当土体含水量达到14.00%时黏聚力达到峰值6.74 kPa;根—土界面摩擦角由21.40°降低至15.75°,呈线性函数降低趋势;根—土界面抗剪强度呈线性函数降低趋势。随着土体干密度由1.20 g/cm³增长至1.60 g/cm³,根—土界面黏聚力由...     

我国苜蓿产业过去10年发展成就与未来10年发展重点

纵观我国苜蓿(Medicago sativa)60多年的发展历程,可分为5个阶段。近十几年,随着苜蓿的社会地位和作用不断提高与增强,苜蓿科技驱动力亦不断提升,产业结构不断明晰,种植面积不断扩大,生产加工企业不断涌现;同时,苜蓿供需矛盾也在持续加剧,科技创新不足的压力与日俱增,资源约束的压力越来越大,生态安全的压力明显增强,苜蓿界面耦合的压力日趋明显;今后应着力提升苜蓿持续发展的战略地位,强化苜蓿科技创新、新品种培育和种子产业发展,推进苜蓿产业现代化发展进程,提升苜蓿-奶牛一体化发展水平,大力发展苜蓿生物技术及其生物经济。     

多露石石漠化区岩面流对岩-土界面土壤的冲蚀效应

岩面流在基岩出露的喀斯特石漠化区普遍存在,其容易受岩面形状影响以汇聚或分散的方式对岩—土界面处土壤进行冲刷侵蚀,这是喀斯特石漠化区土壤侵蚀/漏失发生的重要物理过程。为分析不同岩面形状下岩面流对岩—土界面土壤颗粒分布的影响,揭示岩面流对岩—土界面土壤的冲蚀效应,选择具有典型石漠化特征的休耕地(1年岩面流冲刷作用),在其中选取3种典型岩面形状(平直型、外凸型和内凹型岩面)为研究对象,采用激光粒度仪分析法,分析距岩—土界面不同水平距离(0～2,2～4,4～6,6～8,8～10,20 cm)及不同土层(0—10,10—20 cm)处土壤的颗粒分布特征。结果表明：(1)不同岩面形状下岩面流对岩—土界面处土壤的冲蚀影响依次为内凹型>平直型>外凸型;内凹型岩—土界面处土壤中黏粒含量最低,外凸型岩—土界面处土壤中黏粒含量最高;(2)岩面流对岩—土界面土壤冲蚀作用主要集中在距岩—土界面水平距离0～2 cm范围内,在其范围内内凹型岩—土界面土壤的砂粒含量均显著高于外凸型和平直型,而在距岩—土界面其他水平距离处土壤颗粒分布情况无显著性差异;(3)在岩面流影响下岩—土界面土壤颗粒分形维数均值排序依...     

Snow gliding and loading under two different forest stands: a case study in the north-western Italian Alps

The presence of a thick snowpack could interfere with forest stability, especially on steep slopes with potential damages for young and old stands. The study of snow gliding in forests is rather comple...     

Multi-attribute evaluation of landscape-level fuel management to reduce wildfire risk

This paper provides an example of the practical application of multi-attribute trade-off analysis (MATA) to wildfire management. The MATA approach supports more informed decision-making because it exposes important trade-offs among competing management objectives (requiring value-based choices), helps guide and structure necessary technical judgements, explicitly represents uncertainty (i.e., not just expected outcomes but risk profiles around outcomes) and addresses temporal trade-offs. MATA promotes critical thinking about what analysis is required for decision-making. A MATA approach can be applied for all types of forest and fire management decisions. In this paper, we provide a sample application of MATA to an evaluation of landscape-level fuel treatments for managing wildfire risk. The study area is located in southeastern British Columbia, Canada where historical fire suppression policies and expanding development in wildland urban interface areas have resulted in an increase in both the probability and the consequences of stand replacement fires. We specify management objectives and develop measurable attributes for fire management costs, timber supply, property damage, landscape-level biodiversity, local air quality and climate change. We then simulate the effects on these attributes of four alternative fuel management strategies that include combinations of mechanical treatments and prescribed burning over a 100-year period. The evaluation illustrates the key features of MATA while highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing the approach.     

日东原油管道高黏油掺混输送工艺

日东原油管道通过使用静态掺混装置实现了高黏油的在线掺混输送,并积累了大量的生产数据和经验。介绍了日东原油管道的掺混工艺、输送油品的物性、掺混界面的移动对运行参数的影响及油品静置对启输的影响。以黏度异常事件为例,对比分析了事件前后管道流量、压力、黏度及水力坡降等重要参数和数据,最终确定高稠油掺入比和部分管段沉积的杂质颗粒黏团为两个关键影响因素。为确保管道的运行安全,避免再次发生黏度异常事件,建议结合生产实际情况,以取样数据为依据,严格控制掺混比例和黏度等运行参数,明确清管频次,进一步优化管道生产运行。研究成果可为管道安全输送掺混油提供技术支持。     

历史街区街道界面景观要素及保护策略研究——以青岛鱼山历史文化街区为例

指出了历史文化街区是人类文明的“活化石”,是人类历史文化遗迹和日常生活的重要空间载体。历史文化街区的街道景观是街道展示景观的主要载体,通过对街道界面景观要素的提取、归纳与总结,得出街道界面景观要素由底界面、侧界面以及顶界面三大核心要素组成,并将其应用到鱼山历史文化街区街道景观内进行了分析研究,提出了一些保护策略。旨在进一步了解历史文化街区街道界面景观要素构成,为历史文化街区景观的保护提供更加清晰的思路。     

薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）技术在环境微界面物质运移过程研究中的应用

土壤、沉积物、水体和生物体之间的接触和作用形成了多种环境微界面。这些环境微界面是物质迁移转化的重要场所,而高度时空异质性的界面特征使得对其中化学反应信息的捕捉变得极其复杂且困难。薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)技术以其原位测量元素生物有效态和高空间分辨率等优势,适用于研究化学异质性的界面过程。本文系统总结了DGT技术在环境微界面的物质运移过程研究中的应用现状,包括以下3方面内容:一是一维物质浓度测定;二是二维化学分布成像;三是与薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)、平衡式孔隙水采样器(Peeper)和平面光极(PO)等技术联用同步获取多种溶质分布信息。现有研究证据表明,DGT适合在亚毫米(几十至几百微米)至毫米尺度研究环境微界面营养盐和污染物运移的生物地球化学过程,并可与其他化学成像技术结合研究物质跨界面运移的驱动因子和动力学特征。最后,在DGT技术发展与应用场景扩展等方面提出了几点展望。     

From borders to ecotones – Private-public co-management of urban woodland edges bordering private housing

This paper conceptualises and evaluates so-called co-management zones as an approach for user participation in urban forestry, specifically in the management of public woodland edges bordering residential areas. Co-management zones can metaphorically be viewed as ‘ecotone-like’ spaces, i.e. zones where overlapping interest – in this case residents’ and municipal authorities’ – can be used to create richness and meetings rather than boundaries. Building on the perspectives of ecotone thinking and governance arrangements, co-management zones in the Danish residential area of Sletten in Holstebro were evaluated. The presented case study combined interviews with residents and interviews with three key green space professionals who had led the planning, design, establishment and management of the woodland and the implementation of co-management. The resident participation in the co-management zone was also assessed and photo documented in a field survey, categorising individual households according to type and degree of physical signs of participation. Findings illustrate the potential of co-management zones to initiate collaboration between residents and public woodland managers in creating recreationally valuable and varied meetings between private gardens and urban woodlands. Challenges with establishing co-management zones were also highlighted, especially the need for clear guidelines and continuous communication between residents and the municipality. Perspectives and implications related to residents, managers and green space quality are discussed.